The Ancient Hebrew Research CenterPlowing through history, from Aleph to Tav.
AHRC Home Ø Alphabet Ø Ugarit Ø Bible


Ugarit and the Bible
By Jeff A. Benner

ותאמר שויתי עזר על גבור הרימותי בחור מעם

The passage above is Psalm 89:20 (19 in Christian Bibles) in Hebrew. This verse is literally translated as: "I placed help over the mighty, I lifted up the chosen one from the people". This verse is classic Hebrew poetry. This form of poetry is parellelism where one idea is expressed in two different ways. This style of poetry is found throughout the book of Psalms and Proverbs. In this verse the first half is paralleled with the second half as demonstrated below;

I placed = I lifted
help = chosen one
over the mighty = from the people

To see more of these parallels, read this chapter from the beginning and notice the parallels in each verse such as in verse 14 (13) where the following parallels are found; you have a mighty arm, strong is your hand, high is your right hand.

The only problem with Psalm 89:20 is that the word "help" is not a parellel with "chosen one". The Hebrew word for "help" is עזר (ezer, underlined in red above). The first letter in this word is an "ayin". In modern Hebrew this letter is silent but the ancient pronunciation was a soft "g" (gh) as in the word "ring". This word would have been pronounced "ghezer".

The Ugarit word Ugarit gezer (gezer) means "young man" and is spelled the same as ghezer except for the first letter which is a "gimel". As Ugarit is a Semitic language related to Hebrew, this word was probably used in the ancient Hebrew language as well even though it is not found in the Biblical text. The scribe copying the Psalm 89 text most likely exchanged the gimel for an ayin, both of similar sounds. With the Hebrew word גזר (gezer), we now have a more likely parallelism for this verse;

I placed = I lifted
young man = chosen one
over the mighty = from the people



דברי עםוס היה בנקדים מתקוע

In Amos 1:1 we read that Amos was a "shepherd" . The normal Hebrew word for shepherd is רעה (ra'ah). Instead this passage uses the rare word נקד (noqed, underlined in red above) which is found in only one other passage (2 Kings 3:4) and is applied to Mesha, King of Moab. It is difficult to determine the meaning of Hebrew words that are rarely used in the Biblical text as there is not enough context to make an accurate assessment of the word. By turning to other Semitic languages the meaning of some words can be found and this is the case with this word. The Ugarit word Ugarit neqed (neqed), a closely related word to the Hebrew נקד (noqed), is used for one who is in the sheep business. This is not just a simple shepherd but one who owns or manages a large operation. Thanks to the Ugarit tablets discovered, we are able to understand the Biblical text with more clarity.



AHRC Home Ø Alphabet Ø Ugarit Ø Bible



Copyright © 1999-2007
Ancient Hebrew Research Center

Please feel free to use, copy or distribute any material on this site for non-profit educational purposes only.